Use of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors for extending shelf life of fruits and vegetables

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to the use of succinate dehydrogenase Inhibitors for extending shelf life and storage stability of fruits and vegetables, to a method for extending shelf life of fruits and vegetables by applying a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor to the crops prior to the harvest of the fruits or vegetables and to a fruit or vegetable treated with a succinate dehydrogenase Inhibitor.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/705,058which was filed Feb. 12, 2010 claims priority to EP 09356008.4 filedFeb. 13, 2009 and U.S. Provisional Application 61/258,796 filed Nov. 6,2009, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference intheir entireties.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the use of succinate dehydrogenaseInhibitors for extending shelf life and storage stability of fruits andvegetables and to a method for extending shelf life of fruits andvegetables by applying a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor to the cropsprior to the harvest of the fruits or vegetables.

2. Description of Related Art

Fresh fruits and vegetables are extremely perishable commodities.Heretofore many techniques have been employed to protect such foodproducts from oxidative degradation, mold attack and moisturepenetration and to preserve the freshness, texture and color of thefresh produce.

One of the earliest means of lengthening the shelf life of fruits andvegetables was refrigeration. However, most fresh produce when storedunder reduced temperatures for prolonged periods shows adverse effectson the taste, odor or quality of the product from microbial and moldgrowth above 1.7° C. In addition, storage temperatures below 1.7° C.often show chill injury to the tissue of the produce. Hence, in manyinstances refrigeration alone is not effective in achieving the desiredshelf life for a particular fruit or vegetable.

Coating fresh fruits and/or vegetables is another of these techniqueswhich has been employed with varying degrees of success. Not only mustthe coating be effective in prolonging the useful shelf life of thefresh product, but the appearance of the commodity must not be alteredfrom that of its natural state. At a minimum, this natural appearancemust not only remain unchanged but should ideally be enhanced especiallywhen the fruit or vegetable will be displayed for sale. The selection ofa coating material is further complicated where the fruit or vegetableis to be consumed in its natural state and it is considered essentialthat there be no need to remove the coating. In that event, the coatingmaterial must not only be edible, it must not affect or alter thenatural organoleptic characteristics of the fresh fruit or vegetable.

Typical of these prior art coatings are the wax emulsions of U.S. Pat.Nos. 2,560,820 of Recker and 2,703,760 of Cunning Coatings of naturalmaterials have been employed including milk whey (U.S. Pat. No.2,282,801 of Musher), lecithin (U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,470,281 of Allinghamand 3,451,826 of Mulder), gelatin together with polyhydric alcohol (U.S.Pat. No. 3,556,814 of Whitman et al.) and protein (U.S. Pat. No.4,344,971 of Garbutt). Polymers have also been used extensively, viz., athermoplastic polymer (U.S. Pat. No. 2,213,557 of Tisdale et al.), vinylacetate polymer (U.S. Pat. No. 3,410,696 of Rosenfield), a hydrophilicpolymer (U.S. Pat. No. 3,669,691 of De Long et al.) and the combinationof a water soluble polymer and a hydrophobic material (U.S. Pat. No.3,997,674 of Ukai et al.). Cellulostic materials have found utility incoating fruits and vegetables including hydrated cellulose (U.S. Pat.No. 1,774,866 of Beadle), a combination of cellulose and wax (U.S. Pat.No. 2,364,614 of Beatty), cellulose ether in combination with a fattyacid ester (U.S. Pat. No. 3,471,303 of Hamdy et al.) or monoglycerideand a fatty acid metal salt (U.S. Pat. No. 3,461,304 of Hamdy et al.),or a sucrose ester of a fatty acid (U.S. Pat. No. 4,338,342 of Tan etal.)

Food preservation has for many years employed such mutually exclusiveprocesses as dehydration and freezing. Both of these operations ofteninclude a heat treatment, known as blanching, which is conducted priorto the dehydration or freezing step. Blanching is said to reduce enzymeor bacteria level and to prevent or minimize undesirable changes duringstorage in the dry or frozen state, such as changes in color, odor ortexture or loss of vitamins. Blanching may be conducted with steam(e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 2,373,521 of Wigelsworth), hot water (U.S. Pat. No.2,515,025 of Vahl et al.), hot oxygen-free gas (U.S. Pat. No. 3,801,715of Smith et al.) or hot air (U.S. Pat. No. 3,973,047 of Linaberry etal.).

The later published prior art reference EP-A-2036438 discloses thepostharvest use of different succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors forimproving the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. However, preharvesttreatment is not disclosed in the reference.

WO 2004/016088 teaches the preharvest application of fluopyram in orderto control Botrytis cinerea in cucumbers. Blacharski, R.; Legard, D.;Bartz,: “The Effect of Preharvest Fungicide Applications on Control ofPostharvest Disease” [Online] 1999, XP002536551 teaches the preharvestapplication of protective fungicides such as captan and thiram tocontrol postharvest occurrence of Botrytis cinerea in strawberries,thereby extending the shelf life of the fruits.

Therefore, there is a strong need for methods for further improvingshelf life of fruits and vegetables which avoid the drawbacks resultingfrom the prior art methods.

SUMMARY

The problem outlined above has been solved by the use of succinatedehydrogenase inhibitors for extending shelf life of fruits andvegetables, wherein the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor was applied tothe crop prior to the harvest of the fruits or vegetables.

It has surprisingly been found that the application of succinatedehydrogenase inhibitors during the growing and maturation periodsavoids development of bacterial or fungal diseases during the storageperiod. This effect was especially notable with the reduction of one ofthe major fungus causing post harvest problems, i.e. Rhizopus spp.,Sclerotinia minor and Sclerotinia sclerotiorium. Consequently, shelflife and storage stability of the treated fruits and vegetables issignificantly extended.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Photo of a harvest date box for treatment number 3 (FLU+TFS).

FIG. 2: Photo of a harvest date box for treatment number 4 (Elevate).

The “blank spots” and wet paper were due to the removal of berries thathad melted following a Rhizopus infection (to prevent a second cycle ofinfection that would overwhelm the berries in the box). The dark greyfungus developed to cover the berries within a 24-hour period in thebox.

FIG. 3: The figure shows cumulative incidence of berries with visualpresence of Rhizopus stolonifer infection through 15 harvest dates.

FIG. 4: The figure shows cumulative incidence of berries with visualpresence of Botrytis cinerea infection through 15 harvest dates.

FIG. 5: The figure shows cumulative total disease incidence of berrieswith visual presence of Rhizopus stolonifer, Botrytis cinerea andPenicillium spp. infection through 15 harvest dates.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

In conjunction with the present invention all active substances (a.s.)which inhibit succinate dehydrogenase in the mitochondrial respirationchain can be used. In a preferred embodiment of the present inventionthe succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting of fluopyram, isopyrazam, boscalid, penthiopyrad,N-[2-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbox

amide, sedaxan and bixafen or mixtures thereof. In a most preferredembodiment of the present invention the succinate dehydrogenaseinhibitor is fluopyram.

Fluopyram having the chemical nameN-{[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]ethyl}-2,6-dichlorobenzamideis a fungicide belonging to the chemical class ofpyridylethylbenzamides. Fluopyram and its manufacturing process startingfrom known and commercially available compounds is described in EP-A-1389 614.

N-[2-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamideand its manufacturing process starting from known and commerciallyavailable compounds is described in WO 03/010149.

Bixafen having the chemical nameN-(3′,4′-dichloro-5-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-2-yl)-3-(difluoro-methyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide(Compound I-2) and its manufacturing process starting from known andcommercially available compounds is described in WO 03/070705.

Sedaxane is the mixture of 2 cis-isomers2′-[(1RS,2RS)-1,1′-bicycloprop-2-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxanilideand 2 trans-isomers2′-[(1RS,2SR)-1,1′-bicycloprop-2-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxanilide.Sedaxane and its manufacturing process starting from known andcommercially available compounds is described in WO 03/074491, WO2006/015865 and WO 2006/015866.

Isopyrazam is the mixture of 2 syn-isomers3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(1RS,4SR,9RS)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-isopropyl-1,4-methanonaphthalen-5-yl]pyrazole-4-carboxamideand 2 anti-isomers3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(1RS,4SR,9SR)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-isopropyl-1,4-methanonaphthalen-5-yl]pyrazole-4-carboxamide.Isopyrazam and its manufacturing process starting from known andcommercially available compounds is described in WO 2004/035589.

Penthiopyrad having the chemical name(RS)—N-[2-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-3-thienyl]-1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxamideand its manufacturing process starting from known and commerciallyavailable compounds is described in EP-A-0 737 682.

Boscalid having the chemical name2-chloro-N-(4′-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)nicotinamide and its manufacturingprocess starting from known and commercially available compounds isdescribed in DE-A 195 31 813.

Fluxapyraxad having the chemical name3-(Difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-(3′,4′,5′-trifluorobiphenyl-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamideand its manufacturing process starting from known and commerciallyavailable compounds is described in WO 2006/087343.

In conjunction with the present invention shelf life (or storability)denotes the period of time during which the perishable fruit orvegetable can be stored refrigerated or un-refrigerated, and remainedible and free from noticeable or harmful degradation or contaminationby microorganisms or fungi.

Extension of shelf life denotes an elongation of shelf life of at leastseveral days, preferably of at least one week, most preferably of atleast one month.

The use/method according to the present invention can be applied to anykind of fruits and vegetables.

Examples for fruits are banana, blackcurrant, redcurrant, gooseberry,tomato, eggplant, guava, lucuma, chili pepper, pomegranate, kiwifruit,grape, table grapes, pumpkin, gourd, cucumber, melon, orange, lemon,lime, grapefruit, banana, cranberry, blueberry, blackberry, raspberry,boysenberry, hedge apple, pineapple, fig, mulberry, apple, apricot,peach, cherry, sunflower seed, strawberry and plum.

Examples for vegetables are green beans, flower buds, such as: broccoli,cauliflower, globe artichokes; seeds, such as sweetcorn also known asmaize; leaves, such as kale, lettuce, collard greens, spinach, beetgreens, turnip greens, endive; leaf sheaths, such as leeks; buds, suchas Brussels sprouts; stems of leaves, such as celery, rhubarb; stem of aplant when it is still a young shoot, such as asparagus, ginger;underground stem of a plant, also known as a tuber, such as potatoes,Jerusalem artichokes, sweet potato, yam; whole immature plants, such asbean sprouts; Roots, such as carrots, parsnips, beets, radishes,turnips; bulbs, such as onions, garlic, shallots.

In a preferred embodiment strawberries or table grapes are treated withsuccinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, most preferably with fluopyram inorder to improve the shelf live of the harvested fruits.

The succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, preferably fluopyram, can beemployed for extending shelf life of fruits and vegetables within acertain period of time after the treatment of the crops bearing thefruits or vegetables or after treating the fruits or vegetables itself.Generally, the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor is applied to the cropor to its fruits or vegetables prior to the harvest, more preferablyprior to the maturation of fruits and vegetables, most preferably duringthe plant and fruit growth prior to contamination event.

The period of time within which protection is effected generally extendsfrom 1 hour to 6 months, preferably from 1 week to 1 month after thetreatment of the crops or its fruits or vegetables with the activecompounds.

When employing the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, preferablyfluopyram, according to the present invention for extending the selflife of the harvested fruits or vegetables, the application rates can bevaried within a broad range, depending on the type of application. Forfoliar applications the application rates of active compound aregenerally ranging from 1 to 500 g/ha, more preferably from 25 to 250g/ha, most preferably from 30 to 150 g/ha based upon the pure a.s.(active substance).

According to the present invention the succinate dehydrogenaseinhibitor, preferably fluopyram, can be applied to all parts of theplants such as shoot, leaf, flower and root, leaves, needles, stalks,stems, flowers, vegetative buds and flower buds fruiting bodies andfruits.

Plants are understood as meaning, in the present context, all plants andplant populations, such as desired and undesired wild plants or cropplants (including naturally occurring crop plants). Crop plants or cropsmay be plants which can be obtained by conventional breeding andoptimization methods or else by biotechnological and genetic engineeringmethods or by combinations of these methods, including the transgenicplants and including the plant varieties capable or not capable of beingprotected by plant breeders' rights.

According to the invention the treatment of the plants with thesuccinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, preferably fluopyram, is carried outdirectly by the customary treatment methods, for example by immersion,spraying, vaporizing, fogging, injecting, dripping, drenching,broadcasting or painting. In a preferred embodiment of the inventionfluopyram is applied by injecting, dripping, drenching or spraying.

The succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, preferably fluopyram, can beconverted to the customary formulations, such as solutions, emulsions,suspensions, powders, foams, pastes, granules, aerosols, very finecapsules in polymeric substances and in coating compositions for seed,and also ULV cold- and warm-fogging formulations.

These formulations are produced in a known manner, for example by mixingthe active compounds with extenders, that is liquid solvents,pressurized liquefied gases and/or solid carriers, optionally with theuse of surface-active agents, that is emulsifiers and/or dispersantsand/or foam formers. If the extender used is water, it is also possibleto employ for example organic solvents as cosolvents. Suitable liquidsolvents are essentially: aromatics, such as xylene, toluene oralkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics or chlorinated aliphatichydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylenechloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane or paraffins, forexample mineral oil fractions, alcohols, such as butanol or glycol aswell as their ethers and esters, ketones, such as acetone, methyl ethylketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polarsolvents, such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulphoxide, and alsowater. Liquefied gaseous extenders or carriers are those liquids whichare gaseous at ambient temperature and at atmospheric pressure, forexample aerosol propellants such as halogenated hydrocarbons and alsobutane, propane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. As solid carriers thereare suitable: for example ground natural minerals, such as kaolins,clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceousearth, and ground synthetic minerals, such as finely divided silica,alumina and silicates. As solid carriers for granules there aresuitable: for example crushed and fractionated natural rocks such ascalcite, pumice, marble, sepiolite and dolomite, and also syntheticgranules of inorganic and organic meals, and granules of organicmaterial such as sawdust, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco stalks.As emulsifiers and/or foam formers there are suitable: for examplenon-ionic and anionic emulsifiers, such as polyoxyethylene fatty acidesters, polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, for example alkylarylpolyglycol ethers, alkylsulphonates, alkyl sulphates, arylsulphonatesand protein hydrolysates. As dispersants, for example, lignosulphitewaste liquors and methylcellulose are suitable.

Tackifiers such as carboxymethylcellulose and natural and syntheticpolymers in the form of powders, granules or latices, such as gumarabic, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate, as well as naturalphospholipids, such as cephalins and lecithins, and syntheticphospholipids, can be used in the formulations. Other possible additivesare mineral and vegetable oils.

It is possible to use colorants such as inorganic pigments, for exampleiron oxide, titanium oxide and Prussian Blue, and organic dyestuffs,such as alizarin dyestuffs, azo dyestuffs and metal phthalocyaninedyestuffs, and trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron,copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.

The formulations in general contain between 0.1 and 95 percent by weightof active compounds, preferably between 0.5 and 90 percent by weight,based upon the total formulation.

According to the present invention, the succinate dehydrogenaseinhibitors, preferably fluopyram, as such or their formulations, canalso be used as a mixture with known fungicides, bactericides,acaricides, nematicides, or insecticides, for example, to broaden theactivity spectrum or prevent the development of resistance. In manyinstances, synergistic effects are obtained, i.e. the activity of themixture exceeds the activity of the individual components.

A further embodiment of the invention relates to the use of acomposition comprising a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, preferablyfluopyram, and a second fungicide extending shelf life of fruits andvegetables.

Suitable fungicides which can be used in combination with the succinatedehydrogenase inhibitor, preferably with fluopyram are selected from thegroup consisting of

-   (1) Inhibitors of the nucleic acid synthesis, for example benalaxyl,    benalaxyl-M, bupirimate, clozylacon, dimethirimol, ethirimol,    furalaxyl, hymexazol, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, ofurace, oxadixyl and    oxolinic acid.-   (2) Inhibitors of the mitosis and cell division, for example    benomyl, carbendazim, chlorfenazole, diethofencarb, ethaboxam,    fuberidazole, pencycuron, thiabendazole, thiophanate,    thiophanate-methyl and zoxamide.-   (3) Inhibitors of the respiration, for example diflumetorim as    CI-respiration inhibitor; bixafen, boscalid, carboxin, fenfuram,    flutolanil, fluopyram, furametpyr, furmecyclox, isopyrazam    (9R-component), isopyrazam (9S-component), mepronil, oxycarboxin,    penthiopyrad, thifluzamide as CII-respiration inhibitor; amisulbrom,    azoxystrobin, cyazofamid, dimoxystrobin, enestroburin, famoxadone,    fenamidone, fluoxastrobin, kresoxim-methyl, metominostrobin,    orysastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, pyribencarb,    trifloxystrobin as CIII-respiration inhibitor.-   (4) Compounds capable to act as an uncoupler, like for example    binapacryl, dinocap, fluazinam and meptyldinocap.-   (5) Inhibitors of the ATP production, for example fentin acetate,    fentin chloride, fentin hydroxide, and silthiofam.-   (6) Inhibitors of the amino acid and/or protein biosynthesis, for    example andoprim, blasticidin-S, cyprodinil, kasugamycin,    kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate, mepanipyrim and pyrimethanil.-   (7) Inhibitors of the signal transduction, for example fenpiclonil,    fludioxonil and quinoxyfen.-   (8) Inhibitors of the lipid and membrane synthesis, for example    biphenyl, chlozolinate, edifenphos, etridiazole, iodocarb,    iprobenfos, iprodione, isoprothiolane, procymidone, propamocarb,    propamocarb hydrochloride, pyrazophos, tolclofos-methyl and    vinclozolin.-   (9) Inhibitors of the ergosterol biosynthesis, for example    aldimorph, azaconazole, bitertanol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole,    diclobutrazole, difenoconazole, diniconazole, diniconazole-M,    dodemorph, dodemorph acetate, epoxiconazole, etaconazole, fenarimol,    fenbuconazole, fenhexamid, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph,    fluquinconazole, flurprimidol, flusilazole, flutriafol, furconazole,    furconazole-cis, hexaconazole, imazalil, imazalil sulfate,    imibenconazole, ipconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, naftifine,    nuarimol, oxpoconazole, paclobutrazol, pefurazoate, penconazole,    piperalin, prochloraz, propiconazole, prothioconazole, pyributicarb,    pyrifenox, quinconazole, simeconazole, spiroxamine, tebuconazole,    terbinafine, tetraconazole, triadimefon, triadimenol, tridemorph,    triflumizole, triforine, triticonazole, uniconazole, viniconazole    and voriconazole.-   (10) Inhibitors of the cell wall synthesis, for example    benthiavalicarb, dimethomorph, flumorph, iprovalicarb,    mandipropamid, polyoxins, polyoxorim, prothiocarb, validamycin A,    and valiphenal.-   (11) Inhibitors of the melanine biosynthesis, for example    carpropamid, diclocymet, fenoxanil, phthalide, pyroquilon and    tricyclazole.-   (12) Compounds capable to induce a host defence, like for example    acibenzolar-5-methyl, probenazole, and tiadinil.-   (13) Compounds capable to have a multisite action, like for example    bordeaux mixture, captafol, captan, chlorothalonil, copper    naphthenate, copper oxide, copper oxychloride, copper preparations    such as copper hydroxide, copper sulphate, dichlofluanid, dithianon,    dodine, dodine free base, ferbam, fluorofolpet, folpet, guazatine,    guazatine acetate, iminoctadine, iminoctadine albesilate,    iminoctadine triacetate, mancopper, mancozeb, maneb, metiram,    metiram zinc, oxine-copper, propamidine, propineb, sulphur and    sulphur preparations including calcium polysulphide, thiram,    tolylfluanid, zineb and ziram.-   (14) Further compounds like for example    2,3-dibutyl-6-chlorothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one, ethyl    (2Z)-3-amino-2-cyano-3-phenylprop-2-enoate,    N-[2-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,    N-{2-[1,1′-bi(cyclopropyl)-2-yl]phenyl}-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,    3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-(3′,4′,5′-trifluorobiphenyl-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,    3-(difluoro-methyl)-N-[4-fluoro-2-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)phenyl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,    (2E)-2-(2-{[6-(3-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-5-fluoropyrimidin-4-yl]oxy}-phenyl)-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methylethanamide,    (2E)-2-{2-[({[(2E,3E)-4-(2,6-dichloro-phenyl)but-3-en-2-ylidene]amino}oxy)methyl]phenyl}-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methylethanamide,    2-chloro-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamide,    N-(3-ethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl)-3-(formylamino)-2-hydroxybenzamide,    5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-(2-{[({(1E)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}amino)oxy]methyl}phenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one,    (2E)-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methyl-2-(2-{[({(1E)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}amino)oxy]methyl}phenyl)ethanamide,    (2E)-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methyl-2-{2-[(E)-({1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethoxy}-imino)methyl]phenyl}ethanamide,    (2E)-2-{2-[({[(1E)-1-(3-{[(E)-1-fluoro-2-phenyl-ethenyl]oxy}phenyl)ethylidene]amino}oxy)methyl]phenyl}-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methyl-ethanamide,    1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)cycloheptanol, methyl    1-(2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate,    N-ethyl-N-methyl-N-{2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4-[3-(trimethylsilyl)propoxy]phenyl}imidoformamide,    N′-{5-(difluoromethyl)-2-methyl-4-[3-(trimethylsilyl)propoxy]phenyl}-N-ethyl-N-methylimi-doformamide,    O-{1-[(4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl]-2,2-dimethylpropyl}1H-imidazole-1-carbothioate,    N-[2-(4-{[3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-yn-1-yl]oxy}-3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N²-(methylsulfonyl)valinamide,    5-chloro-7-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluoro-phenyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine,    5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol, propamocarb-fosetyl,    1-[(4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl]-2,2-dimethylpropyl    1H-imidazole-1-carboxylate, 1-methyl-N-[2-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro    ethoxy)phenyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,    2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)pyridine,    2-butoxy-6-iodo-3-propyl-4H-chromen-4-one, 2-phenylphenol and salts,    3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[2-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,    3,4,5-trichloropyridine-2,6-dicarbonitrile,    3-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dimethylisoxazolidin-3-yl]pyridine,    3-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-methylpyridazine,    4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-3,6-dimethylpyridazine,    quinolin-8-ol, quinolin-8-ol sulfate (2:1) (salt),    5-methyl-6-octyl-3,7-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amine,    5-ethyl-6-octyl-3,7-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amine,    benthiazole, bethoxazin, capsimycin, carvone, chinomethionat,    chloroneb, cufraneb, cyflufenamid, cymoxanil, cyprosulfamide,    dazomet, debacarb, dichlorophen, diclomezine, dicloran, difenzoquat,    difenzoquat methylsulphate, diphenylamine, ecomate, ferimzone,    flumetover, fluopicolide, fluoroimide, flusulfamide, flutianil,    fosetyl-aluminium, fosetyl-calcium, fosetyl-sodium,    hexachlorobenzene, irumamycin, isotianil, methasulfocarb, methyl    (2E)-2-{2-[({cyclopropyl[(4-methoxyphenyl)imino]methyl}thio)methyl]phenyl}-3-methoxyacrylate,    methyl isothiocyanate, metrafenone,    (5-bromo-2-methoxy-4-methylpyridin-3-yl)(2,3,4-trimethoxy-6-methylphenyl)methanone,    mildiomycin, tolnifanide,    N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]propanamide,    N-[(4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)-methyl]-3-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]propanamide,    N-[(5-bromo-3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)methyl]-2,4-dichloropyridine-3-carboxamide,    N-[1-(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-2,4-dichloropyridine-3-carboxamide,    N-[1-(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-ethyl]-2-fluoro-4-iodopyridine-3-carboxamide,    N-{(Z)-[(cyclopropylmethoxy)imino][6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,3-difluorophenyl]methyl}-2-phenylacetamide,    N-{(E)-[(cyclopropyl-methoxy)imino][6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,3-difluorophenyl]methyl}-2-phenylacetamide,    natamycin, nickel dimethyldithiocarbamate, nitrothal-isopropyl,    octhilinone, oxamocarb, oxyfenthiin, pentachlorophenol and salts,    phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, phenothrin, phosphorous acid and its    salts, propamocarb fosetylate, propanosine-sodium, proquinazid,    pyrrolnitrine, quintozene, S-prop-2-en-1-yl    5-amino-2-(1-methylethyl)-4-(2-methylphenyl)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioate,    tecloftalam, tecnazene, triazoxide, trichlamide,    5-chloro-N′-phenyl-N′-prop-2-yn-1-ylthiophene-2-sulfonohydrazide and    zarilamid.

In a preferred embodiment the second fungicide is trifloxystrobin. In amore preferred embodiment of the invention a composition comprisingfluopyram and trifloxystrobin is used for extending shelf life of fruitsand vegetables, preferably of strawberries.

A further embodiment of the present invention is a method extendingshelf life of fruits and vegetables characterized in that, fluopyram wasapplied to the crop prior to the harvest of the fruits and vegetables.

The present invention is exemplified by the following examples.

EXAMPLES Example A

Strawberry (Fragaria spp.) plots were established 6.1 meters long by 0.5meters wide, with 2 rows per plot arranged in a randomized completeblock design with 4 replications each. Treatments were prepared in astandard water volume of 935 l/ha and applied to plots with a backpacksprayer.

Treatments were:

Check (untreated)FLU+TFS @ 4 oz/A (Fluopyram @ 73 g/ha plus Trifloxystrobine @ 73 g/ha)FLU+TFS @ 5 oz/A (Fluopyram @ 92 g/ha plus Trifloxystrobine @ 92 g/ha)Elevate @ 16 oz/A (Fenhexamid @ 560 g/ha)

All ripe berries were collected from the plots 15 times (to establishbaseline disease rating) and thereafter three times per week (usually 0to 4 days after each application) and incubated on paper towels inseparate plastic storage boxes at 17° C.

Boxes were rated for the three post harvest diseases that developed bycounting the number of infected berries per box. As berries melted fromdisease they were removed from each box to reduce within boxcontamination between berries (see FIG. 1 and FIG. 2). Data wererecorded and graphed below as cumulative incidence of Rhizopusstolonifer (see FIG. 3), Botrytis cinerea (see FIG. 4), Penicillium spp.(see FIG. 5), and cumulative total disease (see Table 1).

Results

The two Fluopyram containing treatments gave excellent control of thepost harvest disease Rhizopus stolonifer. At the final rating just over100 berries were infected compared to between 300 and 400 infected forthe check and Elevate treatment. All three fungicides gave excellentcontrol of Botrytis cinerea compared to the check. Cumulative total postharvest disease (see FIG. 5) was lower for the two Fluopyram treatments(approximately 400 berries) compared to the commercial standard Elevate(approximately 600 berries) and the check (approximately 700 berries).The photos in FIGS. 1 and 2 show the diseases on berries and demonstratethe improvement Fluopyram plus Trifloxystrobine treatments give over thecurrently available grower standard Elevate.

Example B Green Bean Example

Green beans plots of the variety “Contender” (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)were established 4.0 meters long by 1.5 meters wide, with 2 rows perplot arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicationseach under plastic tunnel Treatments were prepared in a standard watervolume of 300 l/ha and applied to plots with a backpack sprayer. Threefungicide applications were made according to the predefined program:first application (A) at beginning of flowering, second application (B)at end of flowering, third application (C) 7 days before harvest.

Treatments were:

1—Untreated check2—FLU 500 SC @ 0.5 L/ha (fluopyram @ 250 g/ha)

At harvest, 30 healthy pods per plot were placed into boxes and storedat room temperature. After 8 days of storage, post-harvest disease wasassessed by counting the number of pods presenting symptoms of whitemold infection (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum).

Results from the post-harvest assessment presented in table 1 as thepercentage of damaged pods demonstrate an excellent control of thepost-harvest disease with a reduction of 90% of the disease frequency.Although no fungicide application was made after harvest, fluopyramapplications during the growing phase of green beans provided asignificant extension of the shelf-life of stored beans in comparison topods from untreated check.

TABLE 1 control of post-harvest disease caused by Sclerotiniasclerotiorum on green beans. Assessment after 8 days storage. % damagedpods (% disease reduction) Treatment (dose rate) Mean 4 plots1—Untreated check 17.3 a 2—FLU 500 SC (0.5 L/ha)  1.7 (90.1) b Meansfollowed by the same letter do not significantly differ (P = 0.05)

Example C Lettuce Example

Lettuce plots of the iceberg variety “Cam” (Lactuca sativa L.) wereestablished in field conditions with 3 replicates and full randomizationdesign. Plots consisted in 4 rows of 5 m length planted within 1.0 mintervals following the farmers practice.

Fungicide treatments were prepared in a standard water volume of 883l/ha and applied to plots with a backpack sprayer. Three to 5 fungicideapplications were made with conventional hand sprayers until the daybefore harvest.

Application dates: A=x; B=x+13 days; C=x+22 days; D=x+30 days; E=x+36Treatments were: 1—Untreated check

-   -   2—FLU 500 SC @ 0.5 L/ha (fluopyram @ 250 g/ha)—5 applications        (ABCDE)    -   3—FLU 500 SC @ 0.5 L/ha (fluopyram @ 250 g/ha)—3 applications        (ABC)    -   4—Serenade 10 WP @ 5.0 Kg/ha (active substance from Bacillus        subtilis@500 g/ha)-5 applications (ABCDE)

At harvest, all lettuce heads were free of disease. Harvested lettuceheads were wrapped into plastic bags and 3 boxes containing 18 lettuceseach (=54 heads) per plot were placed into a climatic chamber at 4° C.during 4 days, then placed at room temperature during 10 days.Assessment of post-harvest diseases was done after this period of 14days storage by counting the number of lettuces with and withoutsymptoms of Sclerotinia minor infections.

Results from post-harvest disease assessment presented in table 2,below, demonstrate a clear effect of fluopyram applications during thegrowing phase in the field on occurrence of disease symptoms in storage.Either with a sequence of 5 applications (treatment #2) or 3applications (treatment #3), fluopyram significantly reduced the numberof damaged heads by 95.4 and 78.4% compared to untreated check, whereasthe reference fungicide did no offer significant control of post-harvestdisease. It is therefore concluded that fluopyram sprays applied beforeharvest reduce the occurrence of post-harvest disease, thus extendingthe shelf-life of lettuce.

TABLE 2 control of post-harvest disease caused by Sclerotinia minor onlettuce heads. Assessment after 14 days of storage. Number of damagedNumber of healthy % disease Treatment (dose rate) - heads (Mean 3 headsreduction application sequence replicates) (Mean 3 replicates) (Abbott)1—Untreated check 15.3 a 38.7 c — 2—FLU 500 SC  0.7 c 53.3 a 95.4 (0.5L/ha) - ABCDE 3—FLU 500 SC  3.3 bc 50.7 ab 78.4 (0.5 L/ha) - ABC4—Serenade 10 WP 12.3 a 41.7 c 19.6 (5.0 Kg/ha) - ABCDE Means followedby the same letter do not significantly differ (P = 0.05)

1. A method for extending shelf life of a fruit and/or vegetablecomprising applying a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor to a crop and/ora fruit and/or vegetable thereof prior to harvest of said fruit orvegetable.
 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the succinatedehydrogenase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting offluopyram, isopyrazam, boscalid, penthiopyrad,N-[2-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbox

amide, sedaxane, fluxapyraxad and bixafen.
 3. A method according toclaim 1, wherein the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor is fluopyram. 4.A method according to claim 1, wherein the fruit is selected from thegroup consisting of banana, blackcurrant, redcurrant, gooseberry,tomato, eggplant, guava, lucuma, chili pepper, pomegranate, kiwifruit,grape, table grapepumpkin, gourd, cucumber, melon, orange, lemon, lime,grapefruit, banana, cranberry, blueberry, blackberry, raspberry,boysenberry, hedge apple, pineapple, fig, mulberry, apple, apricot,peach, cherry, sunflower seed, strawberry and plum.
 5. A methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the vegetable is selected from the groupconsisting of broccoli, green bean, lettuce, cauliflower, globeartichokes, sweetcorn, maize, kale, collard greens, spinach, beetgreens, turnip greens, endive; leeks, Brussels sprouts, celery, rhubarb,asparagus, ginger; potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes, sweet potato, yambean sprouts, carrots, parsnips, beets, radishes, turnips, onions,garlic, and shallots.
 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein thefruit is strawberries.
 7. A method according to claim 1, wherein saidsuccinate dehydrogenase inhibitor is applied to the crop and/or fruitand/or vegetable at a rate ranging from 1 to 250 g/ha—based upon thepure a.s.
 8. A method according to claim 1, comprising applying acomposition comprising a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor and a furtherfungicide to the crop and/or to a fruit and/or vegetable thereof.
 9. Amethod according to claim 8, wherein the composition comprises fluopyramand trifloxystrobin.
 10. Method according to claim 8, wherein thesuccinate dehydrogenase inhibitor is s selected from the groupconsisting of fluopyram, isopyrazam, boscalid, penthiopyrad,N-[2-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbox

amide, sedaxan, fluxapyraxad and bixafen.
 11. A composition capable ofextending the shelf life of a fruit and/or vegetable, said compositioncomprising a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor and a further fungicide.12. A composition of claim 11, wherein said succinate dehydrogenaseinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of fluopyram,isopyrazam, boscalid, penthiopyrad,N-[2-(1,3-dimethyl-butyl)phenyl]-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbox

amide, sedaxan, fluxapyraxad and bixafen.
 13. A composition of claim 11,wherein said further fungicide comprises trifloxystrobin.
 14. Acomposition of claim 11, wherein the composition comprises fluopyram andtrifloxystrobin.
 15. A composition of claim 11, wherein the succinatedehydrogenase inhibitor comprises fluopyram.